Resource Policy

Mixed-Status Families and Immigrant Families with Children Continued Avoiding Safety Net Programs in 2023

In this summary, the authors use WBNS data to provide updated estimates of chilling effects in 2023 among immigrant families (i.e., in which the respondent or a family member living with them was not born in the US).

Organization: Urban Institute

Authors: Dulce Gonzalez, Hamutal Bernstein, Michael Karpman, Genevieve M. Kenney

Published Year: 2024

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The analysis examines differences in these effects by the presence of children under age 19 in the household and by family citizenship and immigration status. For family citizenship and immigration status, we focus on differences among three groups: 

• All-citizen immigrant families: households where all family members are naturalized or US-born citizens.
• Green card and citizen families: households where at least one family member is a permanent resident (i.e., a green card holder) and all other members are either naturalized or US-born citizens or permanent residents.
• Mixed-status families: households where one or more members are undocumented and all other members are either naturalized or US-born citizens, permanent residents, or have another lawful immigration status.