Estimated Effects of Public Law 119-21 on Participation and Benefits Under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
This report provides supplemental estimates on how Public Law 119-21—tied to H.R. 1—will affect SNAP participation, benefits, and state administrative costs over 2025–2034.
The report projects that capping the Thrifty Food Plan’s cost growth and expanding work requirements to more adults will reduce SNAP participation by about 2.4 million people per month and lower average monthly benefits.
It outlines additional provisions that eliminate automatic heating and internet expense deductions, impose new state matching cost requirements for programs with high error rates, and limit eligibility for noncitizens. Overall, CBO estimates that these combined measures will decrease federal SNAP spending by tens of billions of dollars while increasing administrative complexity and potential state fiscal burdens.
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